effect of globalization on environmental issues in american cities

For instance, particulate matter (PM) are not only associated with adverse health impacts ( Heal et al., 2012) but also have a circuitous climatic impact, as they can serve as cloud buildup nuclei and thus influence climate forcing as well as meteorological phenomena, e.g., dissipating or capturing inward irradiation ( Williams, 2012 Von Schneidemesser et al., 2015 Maione et al., 2016). They both entail significant consequences for human health.

Water vapor, ozone (O 3), nitrous oxide (N 2O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and methane (CH 4) are among the GHGs causing global warming, although the latter two account for 90% of GHGs and are primarily emitted by the burning of fossil fuels ( Kumar and Imam, 2013 EPA, 2020 Kumar et al., 2020a).Īs depicted in Figure 1, air pollution and climate change are inextricably linked in terms of (i) emission sources, (ii) climate characteristics and chemistry, and (iii) mitigation measures. In other words, the complicated relationship between air pollution and climate change is primarily driven by GHGs ( Von Schneidemesser et al., 2015 Xu and Lamarque, 2018). It results from natural and anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants, especially greenhouse gases (GHGs), causing large-scale effects on the climate ( IPCC, 2013).

Climate change is the most significant threat to life on Earth.

Effect of globalization on environmental issues in american cities